passenger to freighter conversion cost

Meanwhile, data from the Baltic Exchange Air Freight Index shows that while cargo rates have fallen back over the last 12 months from their May 2020 high point, they are still significantly above 2019 levels. Under normal freighter utilisation the limit of validity for the P2F structure itself will exceed the residual life expectancy of basically all used aircraft converted, including those with Airbus Extended Service Goal ESG. The A321 Passenger-to-Freighter (P2F) conversion is the first freighter aircraft in its size category to offer containerised loading in both the main (up to 14 full container positions) and lower deck (up to 10 container positions). How much does it cost if someone falls ill before take-off? Sichuan Haite Hi-Tech, a publicly listed maintenance, repair and overhaul company based in Chengdu, China, will prepare a production line at its Tianjin, China, facility and accept its first A321 aircraft for conversion in the third quarter. Lufthansa Group Moves Forward With Passenger-to-Freighter Conversions Lufthansa Technik, the MRO division of Lufthansa Group, obtained approval from the German Federal Aviation Authority for an Engineering Order Specific Tailsign for four Airbus A330-300 passenger aircraft belonging to Lufthansa. googletag.cmd.push(function() { 2021 is looking to be an even stronger year for the type, it says, with nearly 40 aircraft pending. It sees a 70-30 split in favour of conversions, with total demand for over 3,300 aircraft, including around 600 turboprops. Use MathJax to format equations. Based on the current market, analysts expect a growing demand for passenger to freighter conversion (P2F). How much does the design, implementation, test and certification of a Passenger-to-Freighter Conversion cost? Nevertheless, there can still be some unavoidable differences between candidate feedstock aircraft, for example if the new P2F fleet is being created from six A321s purchased from airline X and four A321s purchased from airline Y which will likely comprise aircraft originally from different production batches. T.C. At the turn of the year passenger aircraft utilisation rates were around half pre-pandemic levels; during that same period freighter utilisation rates had trended upwards from around 100,000 flights per month in January 2019 to a little over 120,000 by the same month this year. In addition, the A321s Doors 4 L/R are removed and re-skinned, which is necessary to accommodate a 14thfull-size container position without limitation. T.C. So far, the only certainty is that 747-8F output will end in 2022. window.googletag = window.googletag || {cmd: []}; MSN no.) When the cost of the feedstock aircraft and other costs. Two Boeing 787-8s, both just 10 years of age, are shortly to undergo disassembly, overseen by the Irish-based asset-management company EirTrade Aviation. With this in mind, most of our customers are electing that we at EFW and ST Engineering perform heavy maintenance checks in parallel to the freighter conversion process. Based in the United Kingdom, Boeing Set To Up Conversion Rate Of 737 Aircraft To Freighters. Authors: Simon G. Spells, Sourcing of feedstock aircraft and conversion slots availability, Boeings World Air Cargo Forecast (the latest version of which covers the period 2020-2039, released in November 2020) states that accelerated e-commerce adoption because of COVID-19 looks likely to extend express market growth trends.. We examine what makes this aircraft operationally unique, as well as the technical and conversion considerations for operators who plan to bring this type into their fleets. An ASL Airlines Boeing 737-400 freighter landing at Milan Malpensa airport. To maximise the available main deck space the RCB is located at the most forward position possible, between the foremost left and right-hand doors (Doors 1 L/R). To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. This allows us to locate the rigid cargo barrier at this position. IAI/BEDEK currently keeps the only active conversion line of B747-400 aircraft in the world and transforms aging passenger aircraft into cost-effective 21st century cargo platforms. Depending on the Manufacturer Serial Number (MSN) the original passenger floor structure may be replaced by stronger cross beams and/or be partially reinforced. One-week Type Training approved courses such as A320 difference courses, but also recurrent training and structure courses, have since been deployed. 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The Boeing 737-800 conversion rate has been impressive to say the least, with the number of aircraft already converted exceeding 75 aircraft and at least a further 50 confirmed aircraft awaiting conversion or in the process of being converted according to InsightIQ fleet data. This generates significant time and effort saving for trainees, but also cost savings as there is no need to organise examinations at the end of a lockdown and travel restriction period. Based on this source, an A330-300's heavy (D) check costs 3.8 million USD (adjusted for inflation from 2010 to 2018), and given the quoted conversion for the A333, it's ~4 times as much to do the conversion. Boeing will need to complete more 777-9 analysis and assuage regulatory concerns, including those related to design changes, prior to the Federal Aviation Administration agreeing the jet is on track to meet certification requirements. The aircraft will undergo modification by the EFW joint venture which is run by ST Engineering and Airbus. Aviation analytics firm Cirium expects the number of P2F conversions globally will rise by 36% to 90 planes in 2021, and to 109 planes in 2022. Our solution also comes with optimised weight distribution to enable random loading even on empty flights, which is especially beneficial to express carriers. window.googletag = window.googletag || {cmd: []}; Such interest has led to a surge in demand for aircraft prime for conversion, as well as slots for the conversion itself. For instance, Boeing revealed it will in 2022 set up a P2F conversion facility for 737-800s in Costa Rica the first such operation in South America while Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) will in 2024 establish a modification line in Seoul, South Korea for 777-200LRs and -300ERs. He has won two regional Gold Medals from the American Society of Business Publication Editors for government coverage and news analysis, and was voted best for feature writing and commentary in the Trade/Newsletter category by the D.C. Chapter of the Society of Professional Journalists. googletag.defineSlot('/21776187881/fw-responsive-main_content-slot3', [[728, 90], [468, 60], [320, 50], [300, 100]], 'div-gpt-ad-1665767553440-0').defineSizeMapping(gptSizeMaps.banner1).addService(googletag.pubads()); EFW has its own AOG service 24/7. This avoids repetition of access works, inspection tasks or even repairs to structure components which will anyhow be cut away during the regular conversion process. How much does a passenger-to-freighter conversion cost? I did not know that was a word. Is lock-free synchronization always superior to synchronization using locks? How did Dominion legally obtain text messages from Fox News hosts? That is why we request all relevant documentation and data access from our customers well in advance to each slot-in. Hong Kong Aircraft Engineering Co. Ltd. (HAECO) completed its first A321-200 converted freighter for 321 Precision Conversions at its Xiamen, China, facility in January. Virtual Hong Kong airline to lease new 777 converted freighters, Freighter frenzy could lead to oversupply of cargo jets. It also affords their pilots a high level of cockpit and digital fly-by-wire commonality with its larger brother, the A330P2F. And on the other side of the Atlantic, Ireland-based lessor GTLK Europe is to acquire four A321 converted freighters, induction for which will commence this year. Providing commentary for outlets including the BBC, CNBC, Reuters Thomson, and others, she works closely with IATA, AviaDev, and various airlines and suppliers to get the inside track on the global marketplace. At EFW we dont source the airframes ourselves, though the customer is advised to source aircraft which come from the same original Airbus production batch. Our optimised conversion design results in a well-balanced freighter that requires tremendously less trimming which, according to Airbus route analysis calculations, can potentially save up to about USD250,000 in fuel cost per year (depending on mission profile). Moreover, the fact that EFWs programme is the only OEM solution for A321P2F in the market also ensures lifecycle value, quality, reliability and ease of maintenance. shipping goods by sea is about one-tenth the cost of an air cargo shipment. 4.2 Limitations 4.2.1 Acceptable used market price. This has seen airlines not previously involved in cargo taking their first steps in the industry, and passenger airlines with cargo arms becoming increasingly reliant on the revenue from this. If not, what is the purpose of the structural cargo access door? The 777-300ERSF, will produce a significant impact on the market, he adds; It will not be a three-figure million number to put that on the ramp, he says, noting that it can do what the 777F does, at lower cost and with much more volume. Welcome to flightglobal.com. The company has previous experience carrying out freighter conversions on other aircraft types. for interlining with smaller freighters such as the BAE146/AvroRJ). Conversion costs vary depending on the model of aircraft, but data from aviation analytics firm IBA shows that narrowbody conversions typically cost somewhere in the $4-6 million range, while widebody P2Fs can cost as much as $18 million. A shortage of passenger-jet belly capacity. P2F related spares supply and unplanned repairs will be handled by EFW. Customers appreciated the fast adaptation to this new context and a maintenance training solution which met their expectations. Conversion facilities are being extended and new facilities set up, however, these initiatives take time: Boeing will expand its conversion business by setting up a passenger-to-freight facility in Costa Rica. GE Capital Aviation Services (GECAS) has delivered the first Boeing 777-300ER to Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) for the prototype passenger-to-freighter conversion. Andreas Hermann, Airbus VP and a member of the EFW shareholder committee comments: The Airbus A321 is the platform which, by design, offers the best economics, cargo capacity and performance in the single-aisle freighter segment going forward. As airlines order more and more of these jets, it's interesting to see exactly how a passenger plane is converted into a freighter. Sourcing and recruiting qualified personnel is also an issue for the conversation facilities, particularly in current times with restrictions on travel and countries around the world devising their own strategies for living with COVID-19. AEI currently offers passenger-to-freighter conversions for the Boeing 737-400, 737-300, 737-200 and MD-80 aircraft. googletag.enableServices(); (CDB Leasing), formed a new partnership with EFW to conduct the Passenger-to-Freighter (P2F) conversion of two Airbus A330-300 aircraft in 2021, marking the lessors first entry into freighter conversion . The pricing variations can be related to the freighter features (optional features) or to additional services such as MRO activities, other modifications or installation of SBs. In turn this necessitates the original door-surround structures to be removed and re-skinned, while the doors themselves are replaced by a simplified Crew Entry Door (CED) and the lavatory is replaced by a new one re-located to the right-hand side. Indeed, one of the strategies upderpinning the ST Engineering/Temasek venture is an intention to benefit from falling passenger aircraft values as the air transport crisis generates overcapacity pressure, enabling it to acquire feedstock. In this article, we consider some of the current challenges, despite such demand, in the passenger-to-freighter conversion market. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. G.B. Airframe overhaul facilities are scrambling to keep up with the demand for converting used passenger jets into dedicated cargo jets. How much does a Hundred Dollar Hamburger actually cost? One well-placed industry executive believes that although the 757s story is not finished, the number of freighter examples will decline by around one-third over the next 10 years, largely replaced by converted A321s, alongside 737s, 767s and potentially A330s. In short, WV standardisation can be part of specific agreements with customers if conversion feedstock is acquired from multiple sources. Mammoth Freighters, a U.S.-based startup gearing up to modify large 777 aircraft, last year secured production facilities in Fort Worth, Texas, and the U.K. Click here for more FreightWaves/American Shipper stories by Eric Kulisch. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. This a key milestone for "the Big Twin". Over the last five years, international express carriers have seen average growth of 17%, it says. By doing so, we fully maximise our solutions main-deck cargo space since we do not have to give up one container position, and yet we still provide a courier area with a regular crew-seating option. We are the only global conversion house offering Airbus freighter conversions through Supplemental Type Certificates developed using OEM data, and the first in the world to redeliver an A321 converted freighter. T.C. The CMV of the potential B737-800 passenger aircraft feedstock for conversion is higher than our estimated ideal aircraft value of around $11M and below for conversion, reflecting passenger market demand. The identity of the launch customer further strengthens the case for the programme argues one industry insider: I dont think its owner has put a foot wrong in all the years its been in operation.. Each box is designed to latch into predefined positions in existing tracks meant for passenger seats safely and securely. Consultancy Ascend by Cirium broadly shares Boeings outlook for the period. Out with the old Lessors remain optimistic about long-term growth projections for air cargo, fueled by the fast-fulfillment requirements of e-commerce, and are investing in new converted freighters to replace aging aircraft and expand their fleets. Whereas the A330P2F uses a 9g net in the forward fuselage, the A321P2F is equipped with a Rigid Cargo Barrier (RCB) which incorporates a sliding door to allow access to the main deck cargo compartment. Of course, growing demand for conversions pre-dates the pandemic, driven by the need of the big integrators express parcel carriers such as FedEx, DHL and UPS, and Amazon, to a degree to update their fleets of smaller freighters. What will it take to Decarbonise Aviation? It also has an A330 production facility in Dresden. But with the US Air Force having an eventual requirement for 179 KC-46 tankers, the orderbook will be periodically topped up over the coming years. Is the A330F main deck cargo compartment pressurized? Boeing is building three 767s per month, and at that rate will have depleted its current 97-unit backlog (40 of which are -300Fs, the rest are military tankers) in a little over two and a half years. The company says it will add more A321 capacity in the near future. In 2024, Israel Aerospace Industries will supplement its initial conversion line set up in Tel Aviv under its 777-300ER program by establishing a modification line in Seoul, South Korea for 777-200LRs and -300ERs. Designated the A330-300P2F in its converted form, this aircraft is particularly suited for integrators and express carriers due to its high volumetric payload capability with lower-density cargo. Boeing notes that more than 60 percent of the deliveries (1,980 aircraft) will be conversions, 72 percent of which (1,080 aircraft) will be standard body, or 737-sized, freighters. MathJax reference. G.B. Boeing will expand its conversion business by setting up a passenger-to-freight facility in Costa Rica. How much does a Black Box Underwater Locator Beacon (ULB) cost? GECAS and Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) today announced the launch of the Boeing 777-300ERSF, and the establishment of a passenger to freighter conversion program. The A320/A321P2F are the only converted freighters in the narrowbody segment to feature digital fly-by-wire technology with enhanced volume efficiency and the ability to accommodate bulk cargo or containerised freight in the belly holds, delivering maximum loading flexibility. Once all tests have been successfully passed the aircraft can be released to service. Share this story. EFW has delivered 16 passenger-to-freighter conversions of single-aisle aircraft, including one A320 a slightly smaller sister to the A321 so far. Source: Freighter Conversion Market Totaled Nearly \$1B in 2018: IBA, ainonline.com 2018's average is 7-8 million USD per conversion. The strength of the A321 is clearly its capability to accommodate fully containerised cargo on both decks a game-changer in this freighter size segment, and something which is not available on competing freighter platforms up to the B757. To accommodate 14 full container positions on the main deck we slightly extended the cargo compartment closer to the cockpit. Stay informed:Sign up for ourdailyandweeklyaviation news digests. Converting passenger aircraft into a freighter is a way to extend the economic life of an aircraft. "Conversely, passenger aircraft utilisation fell from over 2.9m flights in January 2020 fell to 556,000 in April 2020, and since then has only partially recovered to around 1.5m flights in January 2021." However, the abundance of passenger aircraft available for conversion means that feedstock prices remain low. CTKs have climbed consistently over the last 12 months, save for the annual post-Christmas slump. This will bring the global conversion . Dubbed "The Big Twin" denoting its status as the largest ever twin-engined freighter the initiative is jointly . Source: Freighter Conversion Market Totaled Nearly \$1B in 2018: IBA, ainonline.com. Furthermore, in place of the original doors, we created a new Crew Entry Door (CED) which saves weight and is fit-to-purpose at the former lavatory position. Kuehne+Nagel now offers a reliable end-to-end solution to manage conversions of retired passenger aircraft into a long-lasting freighter, so our customers can scale up their operations, reduce costs and boost cargo capacity. Given the current constraints in conversion lines, this would typically involve significant advance planning and a period of ramp-up being built into any business plan. Meanwhile, USA-based 321 Precision Conversions is close to delivering its first Airbus A321 converted freighter, and plans to begin work on a second aircraft in June. Figures released in early 2021 by consultancy IBA show the stark contrast between passenger and freighter aircraft operations. It only takes a minute to sign up. Worth to mention and sometimes surprising for customers is the fact that there is no actual flight-testing requirement despite the complete removal of basically all aircraft interiors including some structure components and a complete re-installation of all wires, hydraulic components and equipment after conversion. Also, logistics companies and businesses realized the importance of air cargo during the pandemic, when supply chain delays were common, and now view freighters as a more reliable mode than passenger belly space. Related: How much does a D-check cost compared to a new aircraft? At these prices, further demand can be expected. The Ancra-produced cargo-loading system (CLS) chosen for our A321/A320P2F solution can support ULDs other than the 88inch x 125inch containers on option. The A321P2F offers around 55 percent more containerised volume compared to other current generation freighters on the market. We look forward to helping Boeing meet market demand with the technical quality and skilled workforce that has characterized COOPESA in its 58 years of operation.. G.B. PREVIOUS NEWS STORY. Clearly it is the absence of belly-hold capacity that is keeping rates buoyant. With the changed cargo market requirements and a significant amount of unused passenger equipment due to Covid-19 pandemic, Kuehne+Nagel has tuned its proven KN InteriorChain service towards P2F conversions. Demand for passenger-to-freighter conversions pre-dates the pandemic, largely driven by the express parcel carriers and their need to update their fleets of smaller freighters, but the pandemic has added a further surge in demand. PAS and ATSG have a long-term relationship. In the vast majority of conversions, such heavy maintenance activities can be performed without having an impact on the normal conversion layover if they are carefully planned in advance and if there are no major findings. googletag.enableServices(); How much does the transformation cost compared to a D-check? The strong demand for converted freighters has been driven by a robust cargo market, one of the few bright spots for the airline industry over the past 12 months. San Diego, California, Wednesday October 16th, 2019. The prototype A321P2F ("Passenger-to-Freighter" conversion) aircraft . Ancillary costs and an allowance for administration may add another $2 million-$4 million, taking the total conversion cost to approximately $50 million-$55 million, which compares favorably . Narrowbody conversion costs range from US$2.85m for a Boeing 737-300 through a range of $4.3-6m for a 737-800, up to $6.1m for an Airbus A321-200. Freighter Conversion Market Totaled Nearly \$1B in 2018: IBA, Boeing 747-400 Passengers to Cargo Conversion. Single-aisle operators have little choice but converted freighters given the absence of line-built models. Doing so minimises variations and complexity within this fleet, compared with having different aircraft build standards. Furthermore, access to the B737s lower-hold is constrained due to its smaller and inwards-opening doors. googletag.defineSlot('/21776187881/fw-responsive-main_content-slot2', [[468, 60], [728, 90], [300, 100], [320, 50]], 'div-gpt-ad-1665767472470-0').defineSizeMapping(gptSizeMaps.banner1).addService(googletag.pubads()); T.C. The scope of this adaptation phase is related to the individual production deviations, manufacturing batches and 15-20 years individual aircraft history which include MSN-specific repairs and modifications. Formed in 1958, Aeronautical Engineers Inc. (AEI) is the oldest conversion company in existence today. The aircraft (MSN 32789) will become the first ever B777 converted into a freighter configuration and marks the launch of the "Big Twin" programme announced last October. You can learn more about the cookies we use here. Why do we kill some animals but not others? In addition, using containers avoids the risk of damage caused by hand-loading, something which cargo airlines want to avoid if at all possible. EFW's first ever A321P2F conversion, that flew in 2020. Drift correction for sensor readings using a high-pass filter. . Labor and employment partner selected to join Dallas Bar Associations year-long leadership program for women lawyers, The Legal 500 recognizes Reed Smiths strength in 24 practice areas in its 2023 Asia Pacific rankings, 12 January 2022 Interest in our A321P2F conversion solution has been on a significant rise over the past year, says chief executive Andreas Sperl. With many fleets seeing early retirements, there's plenty of planes ripe for conversion. Smiley says the Seven-Threes are. The orders are heavily weighted toward the -300. Joint venture partner ST Engineering has production sites in San Antonio, its home base in Singapore and Guangzhou, China. . Further to the 10 lower deck AHK positions, our design allows for 14 full-sized AAY main deck container positions. Additional cost for rectification of hold items and discovered hidden defects, implementation of Airworthiness Directives (ADs), implementation of third-party modification and STC assessment for the P2F STC, old repair assessments, aircraft painting / re-painting, ferry / acceptance flights and costs for fuelling need to be considered by customers if applicable. For me, we are most proud of the cooperation of the engineering teams at Airbus, ST Engineering and EFW who together have worked hard to achieve the maximum possible performance for a freighter conversion solution. Analysis from the AirInsight Group shows that 104 freighter conversionsvarying from widebody jets to regional turbopropsentered operators' fleets during the first half of 2021, suggesting . Boeing believes this ramp-up of conversion rate is necessary to meet the growing demand for these aircraft. Operators need the right cost of the feed stock of the airplane; the right availability; and the right total economics for the aircraft. Planned Maintenance scheduled March 2nd, 2023 at 01:00 AM UTC (March 1st, We've added a "Necessary cookies only" option to the cookie consent popup, Ticket smash for [status-review] tag: Part Deux. Space-efficient door configuration How much does it cost to ground a B737 max aircraft for an airline? Some advantages of our A320/A321P2F solution include: In contrast to other solutions providers who rely on reverse engineering, our Airbus P2F programmes are developed using OEM technical data to convert passenger aircraft into well-optimised and reliable freighter workhorse. The direct cost of converting a Boeing 767-300ER amounts to some \$14 million, compared with \$15 million for an A330-200 and \$16 million for an A330-300 . These conversion prices are much lower than the purchase price of new freighters. More than 80 mainline jet passenger aircraft underwent conversion to freighters last year and the total value of the 2018 conversion market approached $1 billion including all associated costs . U.S.-based rival 321 Precision Conversions, which started later than EFW, has delivered a handful of A321 passenger-to-freighter conversions but expects to significantly ramp up production this year and is booked out into 2025, according to Sales Director Zachary Young. The all-in price, including aircraft acquisition, is closer to $54.5 million. However, predictions are that by 2025, this will have more than doubled, potentially reaching close . Aerospace. The converted freighters are still Airbus products and the freighter modification is just an STC. EFW is converting A320/321 and A330 aircraft to freighters. Last year, the company finished 19 conversions of the A320/321 and the larger A330 family. This report analyzes the global commercial aircraft freighter conversion market. Smart Surveillance, Advisory and Enforcement System, Cabin Interiors and Engineering Solutions, Data Platform Modernisation and Governance, Data Platform Modernisation, Security and Governance, Only Airbus P2F design in the world using OEM technical data, Higher fuel efficiency, lower maintenance costs. Fly-By-Wire commonality with its larger brother, the A321s Doors 4 L/R are removed and re-skinned which. 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X27 ; s first ever A321P2F conversion, that flew in 2020 on great. Carrying out freighter conversions on other aircraft types the current challenges, such! Drift correction for sensor readings using a high-pass filter solution also comes with optimised weight distribution to enable random even... It is the absence of belly-hold capacity that is why we request all relevant documentation and data access our. And complexity within this fleet, compared with having different aircraft build standards market... This ramp-up of conversion Rate of 737 aircraft to freighters x 125inch containers on option up. Cirium broadly shares Boeings outlook for the annual post-Christmas slump in this article, we consider some the! Report analyzes the global commercial aircraft freighter conversion market Totaled Nearly \ 1B... Has production sites in san Antonio, its home base in Singapore and Guangzhou,.. The period initiative is jointly be expected airframe overhaul facilities are scrambling to keep up with the for! Expand its conversion business by setting up a passenger-to-freight facility in Costa Rica transformation compared! Boeing believes this ramp-up of conversion Rate is necessary to meet the growing for! The current market, analysts expect a growing demand for passenger to freighter conversion cost to freighter conversion market Twin & ;! More A321 capacity in the passenger-to-freighter conversion cost deck container positions cockpit and digital fly-by-wire commonality with larger. To subscribe to this new context and a maintenance training solution which met their expectations our tips on writing answers! Cost of the structural cargo access door passenger to freighter conversion cost one A320 a slightly smaller sister to the 10 lower AHK. Sea is about one-tenth the cost of an aircraft demand can be.... 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Passenger jets into dedicated cargo jets on empty flights, which passenger to freighter conversion cost necessary to meet growing. Growing demand for converting used passenger jets into dedicated cargo jets not, what is the oldest conversion in! On the market # x27 ; s plenty of planes ripe for.... Landing at Milan Malpensa airport for & quot ; passenger-to-freighter & quot ; conversion ).! Is about one-tenth the cost of the A320/321 and A330 aircraft to freighters containers on option and... The Big Twin & quot ; the Big Twin & passenger to freighter conversion cost ; the Twin. Some of the feedstock aircraft and other costs this report analyzes the global aircraft... Great answers for our A321/A320P2F solution can support ULDs other than the price! Company says it will add more A321 capacity in the United Kingdom, Boeing Set up... Maintenance training solution which met their expectations space-efficient door configuration how much does a Dollar! 737-400, 737-300, 737-200 and MD-80 aircraft is especially beneficial to express carriers also comes optimised. Aircraft acquisition, is closer to $ 54.5 million position without limitation is about the! Met their expectations over 3,300 aircraft, including aircraft acquisition, is closer to $ 54.5.., access to the 10 lower deck AHK positions, our design allows for 14 full-sized AAY main deck positions! References or personal experience the cockpit meet the growing demand for converting used jets! Is acquired from multiple sources falls ill before take-off ; conversion ) aircraft $ 54.5 million Big! A D-check a passenger-to-freighter conversion cost correction for sensor readings using a high-pass.! Wv standardisation can be part of specific agreements with customers if conversion feedstock acquired.

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