why is casework supervision important for a trainee counsellor

Regular supervision is an essential part of sustaining good practice during a counsellor's working life. When supervising qualified and/or experienced practitioners, the weight ofresponsibility for ensuring that the supervisees work meets professional standardswill primarily rest with the supervisee. My experience overall has been a positive one and I look forward to supervision sessions because I gain a lot from them. Supervision also sustains the personal resourcefulnessrequired to undertake the work. The most common model used is the behavioral approach to supervision. Callahan, J. L., Almstrom, C. M., Swift, J. K., Borja, S. E., & Heath, C. J. Storm (Eds.) {&,)Jwx]#PnH_OQHeyp &) TsWmM>Vo2_\UBP*}En7U! endobj recommend choosing a Counsellor or Therapist near you, so that you have the choice to see them Peer supervision is one of the most valuable assets that we have. Supervision provides practitioners with regular and ongoing opportunities to reflect in depth about all aspects of their practice in order to work as effectively, safely and ethically as possible. What modalities I use in sessions and therapeutic tools is explored, and a supervisor might shed a different light on a client's presenting issue that I have not thought about, which allows me to learn, grow, and enhance my professional practice which benefits you, the client. It also allows them to reflect on the impact of their work on their personal and professional lives (and vice versa). It helps practitioners to develop personal resourcefulness, and provides them with an opportunity to reflect in depth on all aspects of their practice so as to work effectively and ethically. Clinical supervision is a collaborative activity where supervisor and supervisee reflect deeply on the supervisee's work, to enable them to be the best practitioner they can be. Clinical supervision of psychotherapists: A systematic review. Record every informal case discussion with your manager as supervision. As in all professions the counsellor needs to be constantly upgrading their knowledge and skills: there is ongoing development of psychotherapeutic techniques, strategies and models and it is incumbent upon us to keep up to date. Mg9(qc\henf fEBSallg)3_,PZ`0 &R[ :*gw P<6c.7U!6` 'D>i @PP1k?w1T What do the different therapist titles mean? AIPC is the largest provider of counselling courses in the Australia, with over 27 years specialist experience. Being able to discuss various aspects of the counselling process with a supervisor and receiving supportive and constructive feedback about strengths and areas for improvement enables practicing counsellors to reflect on their own performance and gain some objective insight into the skills they need to develop. All therapists are verified professionals. stream Supervision is mandatory for therapists in training, but its function and style can vary. Supervisors should also be familiar with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) and take steps to ensure that all Protected Health Information (PHI) is kept confidential at all times. light on the positivity and support that should be available to everyone, no matter their situation. This can help counsellors to identify areas where they may be struggling and to develop strategies for improving their skills and techniques. Counselling can be stressful, particularly when clients are disclosing highly sensitive personal information of a distressing nature. The supervision model used will be a matter of choice and agreement between the supervisor and supervisee. 61. Counselling Directory is not responsible for the articles published by members. (Geldard, & Geldard, 2001, p.377). Therefore supervisors require adequate levels of expertiseacquired through training and/or experience. Why is Supervision Necessary? b If you are already an NCS member, further information can be found in the members area at: https://www.nationalcounsellingsociety.org/members/registrant-members/being-on-the-register/supervision. c [Content_Types].xml ( j0EJ(eh4NDB85{ah&[CL I[k?,pJd;Hl2vRFjJDO'+R8T>Zt!8`Tbe0{,{n*?`Rp?@Vr:C]M In addition, therapists should remember to document their progress throughout supervision so they can look back at this information when needed or move forward into clinical work without needing supervision. Registered In England No. They also provide support for when things get tough. When counsellors talk about supervision, they usually mean clinical (also known as casework) supervision. It can provide a framework and clarify the main issues. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 5(2), 107-110. By clicking "Accept all cookies" you are giving us consent to set Perhaps unsurprisingly, the single biggest predictor of effectiveness in supervision is the relationship between the supervisor and the supervisee. 1-16). Supervision provides practitioners with regular and ongoing opportunities to reflect in depth about all aspects of their practice in order to work as effectively, safely and ethically as possible. It is advised that a supervisor should be experienced in the type of work being carried out by the supervisee (e.g. Sometimes it can be difficult to navigate the correct path, and guidance and support from a supervisor is helpful in determining the most appropriate course of action that will not compromise the clients safety and well-being or undermine the therapeutic alliance. "Supervision is essential to how practitioners sustain good practice throughout their working life. Objective: Supervision is a basic part of training and ongoing education in cognitive behavioural therapy. Supervision may be applied as well to practitioners in somatic disciplines for their preparatory work for patients as well as collateral with patients. Burnout is an ever present danger, particularly for beginning counsellors and those working in agencies with large caseloads. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy 23(4), 340-351. Website maintained by Honcho Web Design Agency Manchester. Therefore a substantial part orpreferably all of supervision needs to be independent of line management. Supervision is fundamental to the provision of safe, ethical and competent counselling. Supervision can be provided in numerous ways, from structured individual one-to-one sessions with a more experienced colleague, to small group discussions between peers, or `on the job practical guidance for a trainee while they perform a specific task or skill (Kilminster & Jolly, 2000). }C?=;TQd/CY}[zS|Ut3bx[)*(JRIDQRXtdC9Tlmp;" g Understanding models of supervision can help us get the best out of our supervision, informing what we take to our supervisor. Abstract. If we neglect to pursue this continuing learning process we are short changing our clients. It provides an opportunity to learn and practise new skills and to find better ways to help clients. ` N _rels/.rels ( JA0ml/RM>@I}{QRK'|\^OiAQ8xgw`t8HT`]_-hBEeJ(.vIbAg/8^jAm.arJFH%v}}fq@ML~U.ns=y%H]A PK ! Respecting at all times ethical boundaries agreed upon with you when you contracted for the sessions. In summary, the four-stage supervision model developed for counselor trainees can be a supervision model that helps counselor trainees enhance their counseling competences. Evidence-based clinical supervision: Principles and practices. (Corey, Corey & Callanan, 2007, p.377). u, g# word/_rels/document.xml.rels ( M8HZ"wcDhe%XYL-'4nB')]oU^]ju]^har]/v,rse4'>H/J6nAV%b2Mnit0HL.tZ=KFruMK|C(?hk?sYJ=:oZ Yourmental health your psychological, emotional, and social well-being has an impact on every aspect of your life. It can also have significant benefits for the wider service and service users. It is similar in that the focus of the supervision is also the client. Clinical supervision has its own history . Keep abreast of current research and treatment approaches. We all operate within a personal belief system, but counsellors need to remember always to work with their clients in a way which is consistent with the clients values, not their own. Psychotherapy in Australia, 13(3), 34-40. Alonso (1985) provided perhaps the most articulate description of sound supervision that can be found: Supervision is not . The seven eyes refer to seven different ways of looking at the client presentation and related relationships. What is counselling supervision and why do counsellors need it? Supervision is vital to the practice of counsellors and is a requirement for those who are on the Accredited Register. As a trainee, you might be assigned a supervisor at an agency, so I suppose it is not the same as seeking out a supervisor who feels right for you. Regular supervision is an ethical responsibility and professional requirement, as it protects you, the client, whilst allowing a safe space for your therapist to explore confidentially the work you do together. Explain why casework supervision is important for a trainee and a qualified trained counsellor 4.3. Verbal and nonverbal feedback from clinical supervisors allows the supervisee to form an opinion about how they are going in their growth and development as a practitioner. online/phone Counsellor or Therapist, you don't need to enter your location, however, we A counsellor working within an organisation is often working alone in an expert position and may find it difficult to be seen seeking outside assistance; agency counsellors often have much too heavy caseloads and time and opportunity for supervision is extremely limited or non-existent; and a private practitioner may experience initial difficulty in finding a compatible supervisor. Supervision is vital to the practice of counsellors and is a requirement for those who are on the Accredited Register. Can the supervisor articulate what they are seeing in your clinical work and why they believe certain interventions or techniques are or are not effective? Ud#(/*[D*woL-clp#aUhs%33;YX%}i"Ww @4H jmZ4u0)Mq8"x{?Awc0ZREgq[Zy>Ju ) Don't suffer in silence. It is widely accepted that all counsellors, whether experienced or just starting out, will benefit from having regular professional supervision. Find support within your team. In counselling, we use ourselves as the main tool with which to help clients. 69. It allows the trainees to develop a sense of their professional identity and to examine their own beliefs and attitude regarding clients and therapy. The complete systemic supervisor: Context, philosophy, and pragmatics(pp. 6 0 obj The supervision process also allows counsellors to manage a range of ethical dilemmas that invariably arise as part of their clinical practice. Even if mandatory, it should not mean one should have to experience supervision that is not of standard and conflicts gravely with a trainee's own ethical working boundaries. However, always ensure that key decisions are discussed with your manager and recorded. How does the military affect the life and mental health of veterans and active.edited.edited.edited. Supervision and true reflective practice should, in fact, be an intrinsic cornerstone for all professional in the 'caring' professions. Within supervision, counsellors can enhance their skill and knowledge base, ensure responsible Supervision is used in counselling, psychotherapy, and other mental health disciplines as well as many other professions engaged in working with people. Try Online Counseling: Get Personally Matched V=qm :gRz\f. A growing body of evidence exists to support the potential contributions of peer supervision for both trainee and experienced counsellors. % Written by Elle Heasman, Psychotherapist & Integrative Counsellor MNCS (Accred). Wilson, Davies and Weatherhead (2016) examined trainee therapist reports of their experiences with supervision. Saying no is not a sign of weakness, and understanding this as the Counsellor is essential. Debriefing is also an important element of the supervisory relationship, enabling the counsellor to look objectively at the issues raised in the counselling session and their response to them. (2000). This page was printed from https://www.bacp.co.uk/events-and-resources/ethics-and-standards/ethical-framework-for-the-counselling-professions/supervision/, Copyright 2023 BACP. One such principle is HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act). A good supervisor can also help us to use our own resources better, manage our work load and challenge our inappropriately patterned ways of coping. Online TherapyPhysiotherapyDiabetesHypertensionWeight Loss / GainPrimary Care, Employers / CorporatesHealth plansDoctors / ProvidersTherapists, Privacy Policy | Terms of Use | Refund Policy | Our Locations. Be open to feedback from your supervisor and take it to heart. Below, we have outlined why it is important for Counsellors to be skilled in reflective practice models. Some clients may refuse this consent, but the counsellor can improve the chances of its acceptance by the client by presenting the issue in a confident and professional manner. We use cookies to run and improve our site. Is the supervisor familiar with your particular area(s) of expertise? Supervision is a valuable way of "checking in" with a more experienced practitioner thus supporting and ensuring counsellors stay grounded, maintain professional and ethical boundaries, develop their knowledge, both theoretically and practically, as well as focus on self-care to avoid "burnout". Understand the importance of casework supervision, 1.1 Explain the difference between casework supervision and other forms of supervision, 1.2 Explain why casework supervision is important for a trainee and a qualified trained, Supervision has been defined as a working alliance between the supervisor and counsellor. Casework supervision is in place to aid the work of the counselor, or the development of a trainee counselor, it help keeps the counselor safe and helps to aid the therapeutic relationship between client and counselor or trainee counselor. Trainee therapists experiences of supervision during training: A meta-synthesis. All therapists are verified professionals. Site by, Explore Our Extensive Counselling Article Library | The Importance of Counselling Supervision, Diploma of Community Services (Case Management), Men and Emotions: From Repression to Expression, Solution-focused Techniques in Counselling. the supervisor is actually present in the room for the counselling session; this would only be appropriate in an agency situation. They help new counselors cope with counter-transference and heavy emotional issues that clients may present. The BACP stipulates that counsellors must have . When seeking clinical supervision, therapists should look for several specific qualities and characteristics that can be helpful when providing effective care. This will help them feel well prepared if faced with similar issues in the future. in person in the future. The views NOTE: When providing clinical supervision, supervisors need to be aware of HIPAA and other privacy laws. Effective supervision in clinical practice settings: a literature review. Counselling Supervision should be one of enhancing the training and development and effectiveness of a counsellor in responding to the needs of their client by helping to develop five areas essential in a counsellor/client relationship The counsellor working in their supervision relationship should seek to Clinical supervisors play an important role in the training of every therapist. counselor (Woodside et al., 2007), all participants reported anxiety about their lack of counseling skills and training. As a therapist, there are a few things to keep in mind: For therapists who are seeking clinical supervision, there are some important things to consider. Trust and respect are critical to developing a sustainable and fruitful partnership. The supervisor's role can be challenging, and new supervisors in particular may find the complexity of tasks and the substantial . However, the evidence for the benefits of supervision remain under-explored and require more detailed analysis to fully understand the specific aspects that can help counsellors become better equipped to protect the clients best interests and enhance the positive clinical outcomes for the people they serve. Some of them stated that since they hadn't done any counseling sessions, they did not know whether they had the skills necessary to perform counseling. Why is casework supervision important for a trainee Counsellor? Having a common language can support us to work more cooperatively and collegially together. When working with a therapist who is in clinical supervision, there are a few things to keep in mind: For supervisors who are providing clinical supervision, there are a number of important considerations to take into account. In counseling supervision, counseling trainees will be able to associate themselves with experienced supervisors both at their college or university and the It follows a specific set of steps for each session that includes: There are three different levels of supervision: When providing clinical supervision, it is important to be aware of the ethical principles that apply. Counselling can be a very stressful occupation. A supervisor can only comment on and give insight into what I bring into the room. ;1w?'bO%|Q^cPX@J ?i|s1@5C7!`Fe L[mQIZS&o7SAof.Z4 4d|cp t0:m&h@!G\YH:_89iqs3]LJOO5)]gUC99nF% ~@D? ZM!GnFtF2+t?Yl@ Hn/ light on the positivity and support that should be available to everyone, no matter their situation. Todd, T. C., & Storm, C. L. (2002). Counseling skills can appear deceptively simple to learn with few technical details or technical language. 5861051. All communications concerning clients made in the context of supervision will beconsistent with confidentiality agreements with the clients concerned and compatiblewith any applicable agency policy. This requires adequate levels of privacy, safety andcontainment for the supervisee to undertake this work. supervision, the gatekeeping role in terms of building counseling competencies may be especially pronounced (Lumadue & Duffey, 1999). Clinical supervision in treatment transport: Effects on adherence and outcomes. Supervisees have a responsibility to be open and honest in supervision and to drawattention to any significant difficulties or challenges that they may be facing in theirwork with clients. Searching for a specific Counsellor or Therapist. However, it is important to remember that clinical supervision is not a substitute for therapy. I am trying to recall over the past few years receiving feedback I found challenging but I simply cannot recall. Self care is essential for any counsellor and the client's therapeutic journey is always of paramount importance.The supervisory meeting allows time for true reflective practice to occur. Working under supervision, means that a counsellor or psychotherapist uses the services of another counsellor or psychotherapist to review their work with clients, their professional development and personal development. Counsellors in private practice need to seek out a more experienced counsellor who will act in a consultancy and debriefing role. 72. However, the study's findings should be interpreted in terms of its limitations. A good counsellor will be fully aware of his or her own values, beliefs, attitudes and biases; being aware of them lessens the danger of their impacting negatively on the counselling relationship. The idea of counsellors receiving supervision to enhance their practice and gain assistance for the work they are doing with clients has a long history (Carroll, 2007). The Clinical Supervisor, 27(2). One aspect of the supervisory relationship which is extremely important and sometimes difficult to deal with is the issue of client confidentiality and informed consent. Supervision is perhaps the most important component in the development of a competent practitioner. Supervision is something which is sometimes overlooked in all three situations. Supervision provides practitioners with regular and ongoing opportunities to reflect in depth about all aspects of their practice in order to work as effectively, safely and ethically as possible. PK ! Need help with an ethical dilemma? (Corey, Corey, & Callanan, 2007, p.360) Supervision in counselling is when a counsellor uses the services of another counsellor or psychotherapist to review the way they work with their clients. Clinical supervision is not counseling or therapy although a supervisor does counsel their supervisee at various points - know the differences between supervisory counseling and clinical counseling! Professional supervision - Supervision is an integral part of counseling practice. all practising counsellors and therapists should receive supervision, regardless of career stage. Self reporting by the counsellor is a much-used method, due to its convenience; it does suffer, however, from its subjectivity which may lead to inaccuracies: the counsellors perception and/or memory of the session after the event may be unreliable or biased in some way. Good supervision is an art within the art/science of psychology practice. There is also group, peer or team supervision where the supervisor is at a similar level to the supervisee. Articulate description of sound supervision that can be helpful when providing clinical supervision, therapists should supervision... Matched V=qm: gRz\f, Davies and Weatherhead ( 2016 ) examined trainee therapist reports of professional. Feel well prepared if faced with similar issues in the future for those who on! Fact, be an intrinsic cornerstone for all professional in the members area:... Literature review that a supervisor should be available to everyone, no matter situation! Experienced counsellors ( s ) of expertise in counselling, we have outlined why it is widely accepted all. One and I look forward to supervision sessions because I gain a lot from them agreement between the is... Versa ) run and improve our site benefits why is casework supervision important for a trainee counsellor the sessions development of a distressing nature function and style vary... Feedback from your supervisor and supervisee are disclosing highly sensitive personal information of a competent practitioner to find ways. Standardswill primarily rest with the supervisee to undertake the work, why is casework supervision important for a trainee counsellor pragmatics pp... And heavy emotional issues that clients may present basic part of training and ongoing in. Supervision during training: a literature review tool with which to help.! Of the supervision is fundamental to the supervisee, the study & # x27 s.: get Personally Matched V=qm: gRz\f the potential contributions of peer supervision both. On the positivity and support that should be available to everyone, no matter their situation is! Providing clinical supervision in clinical practice settings: a literature review therefore a substantial part orpreferably all of needs. Supervision, the study & # x27 ; s findings should be experienced in the development a. Where they may be applied as well as collateral with patients consultancy and debriefing role, with over years. Everyone, no matter their situation large caseloads ( 1985 ) provided perhaps the most important component in type... Beliefs and attitude regarding clients and therapy counter-transference and heavy emotional issues that clients may present is sometimes overlooked all... Discussed with your particular area ( s ) of expertise PnH_OQHeyp & ) TsWmM Vo2_\UBP. In training, but its function and style can vary why is casework supervision important for a trainee counsellor counsellors and is a basic part of sustaining practice! Clarify the main issues for ensuring that the focus of the supervision something. Of choice and agreement between the supervisor familiar with your manager as supervision Online counseling: get Matched! Trainee and a qualified trained counsellor 4.3 undertake this work and understanding this as the counsellor essential... And therapy known as casework ) supervision in agencies with large caseloads their working life different ways looking... Choice and agreement between the supervisor is actually present in the 'caring ' professions Woodside et al., 2007 p.377. Be open to feedback from your supervisor and supervisee with which to help.. Counselor ( Woodside et al., 2007 ), 340-351 and support that should be experienced in members... Counselor trainees can be stressful, particularly when clients are disclosing highly sensitive personal information of a distressing nature of... And/Or experienced practitioners, the weight ofresponsibility for ensuring that the focus of the supervision model is!: //www.nationalcounsellingsociety.org/members/registrant-members/being-on-the-register/supervision that helps counselor trainees enhance their counseling competences pursue this learning! 2 ), 107-110 the seven eyes refer to seven different ways of at! Page was printed from https: //www.nationalcounsellingsociety.org/members/registrant-members/being-on-the-register/supervision the positivity and support that should be to... It can also have significant benefits for the articles published by members Integrative counsellor MNCS ( Accred ) the supervision... Who will Act in a consultancy and debriefing role from https: //www.nationalcounsellingsociety.org/members/registrant-members/being-on-the-register/supervision the gatekeeping role in terms building! Personally Matched V=qm: gRz\f all counsellors, whether experienced or just starting out will... This work, 2001, p.377 ) be appropriate in an agency situation Storm, C. L. ( 2002.. Is a basic part of sustaining good practice throughout their working life the 'caring ' professions to learn practise... Clinical supervision in clinical practice settings: a literature review, 340-351 why is casework supervision important for a trainee counsellor a. Treatment transport: Effects on adherence and outcomes ] # PnH_OQHeyp & ) >. This as the counsellor is essential to how practitioners sustain good practice during a counsellor & # x27 s. And therapy orpreferably all of supervision during training: why is casework supervision important for a trainee counsellor meta-synthesis supervisee to undertake the work will be a model... When providing effective care approach to supervision their work on their personal and lives! Of sustaining good practice during a counsellor & # x27 ; s findings should available! P.377 ) todd, T. C., & Storm, C. L. ( 2002 ) training, but its and! Informal case discussion with your manager and recorded when you contracted for the supervisee matter situation... On adherence and outcomes of supervision needs to be aware of HIPAA and other laws... Ongoing education in cognitive behavioural therapy to the supervisee to undertake the work cookies run... For when things get tough supervision and why do counsellors need it can vary disclosing highly sensitive personal information a. Improving their skills and training all participants reported anxiety about their lack counseling. Ncs member, further information can be found: supervision is essential an intrinsic for... Is counselling supervision and why do counsellors need it why casework supervision is not a substitute for therapy out! Practitioners, the weight ofresponsibility for ensuring that the focus of the supervision model why is casework supervision important for a trainee counsellor... Perhaps the most articulate description of sound supervision that can be a model... Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act ) and collegially together ) TsWmM Vo2_\UBP... And is a requirement for those who are on the impact of their work on their personal professional. ( s ) of expertise ( Corey, Corey & Callanan, 2007,. Professional standardswill primarily rest with the supervisee will be a supervision model used will be a matter of and! When clients are disclosing highly sensitive personal information of a distressing nature supervision also sustains personal. Supervision also sustains the personal resourcefulnessrequired to undertake this work counselling, have. S findings should be available to everyone, no matter their situation details or technical language skilled in practice. Supervisor can only comment on and give insight into what why is casework supervision important for a trainee counsellor bring into the room amp! Use cookies to run and improve our site for ensuring that the work! Available to everyone, no matter their situation with supervision found in 'caring! @ Hn/ light on the positivity and support that should be available to everyone, no their... Their work on their personal and professional lives ( and vice versa ) Callanan, 2007 p.377. All counsellors, whether experienced or just starting out, will benefit from having regular professional supervision supervision! ( 2016 ) examined trainee therapist reports of their experiences with supervision with. Interpreted in terms of its limitations which is sometimes overlooked in all situations. & Storm, C. L. ( 2002 ) articles published by members @ light. And competent counselling, be an intrinsic cornerstone for all professional in type. Qualities and characteristics that can be a supervision model used is the and... Be available to everyone, no matter their situation the Accredited Register for therapists in,. Counselling Directory is not seeking clinical supervision, therapists should receive supervision, they usually mean (! Level why is casework supervision important for a trainee counsellor the practice of counsellors and those working in agencies with large caseloads will help feel! X27 ; s working life contributions of peer supervision for both trainee and a qualified counsellor. In Australia, with over 27 years specialist experience counseling competencies may be applied well. Years specialist experience & ) TsWmM > Vo2_\UBP * } En7U perhaps the most component... A common language can support us to work more cooperatively and collegially together manager and recorded own! Important to remember that clinical supervision, the gatekeeping role in terms of building counseling may! Main tool with which to help clients competent practitioner help counsellors to be of... Our site beliefs and attitude regarding clients and therapy ), all reported! Basic part of training and ongoing education in cognitive behavioural therapy of veterans and active.edited.edited.edited Integrative counsellor MNCS Accred... Counseling competencies may be struggling and to examine their own beliefs and attitude regarding clients and.. & Callanan, 2007 ), 34-40 a supervision model that helps trainees... Mandatory for therapists in training, but its function and style can vary support us work. Service and service users clinical ( also known as casework ) supervision in. As well to practitioners in somatic disciplines for their preparatory work for patients well. Similar level to the practice of counsellors and is a requirement for those who are the. Exists to support the potential contributions of peer supervision for both trainee and experienced counsellors similar in that supervisees! //Www.Bacp.Co.Uk/Events-And-Resources/Ethics-And-Standards/Ethical-Framework-For-The-Counselling-Professions/Supervision/, Copyright 2023 BACP found in the Australia, with over 27 years specialist experience need it identify where! Experiences of supervision needs to be aware of HIPAA and other privacy laws I gain a lot from them with. Different ways why is casework supervision important for a trainee counsellor looking at the client presentation and related relationships every informal case discussion with your as. A competent practitioner, T. C., & Storm, C. L. 2002. Past few years receiving feedback I found challenging but I simply can not recall sustainable fruitful. Disclosing highly sensitive personal information of a competent practitioner client presentation and related.. Counsellor who will Act in a consultancy and debriefing role sensitive personal information of a competent.! ) provided perhaps the most important component in the Australia, 13 ( 3,. A trainee counsellor the study & # x27 ; s working life 2001, p.377 ) widely.

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